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A pair of functions phi_i(x) and phi_j(x) are orthonormal if they are orthogonal and each normalized so that int_a^b[phi_i(x)]^2w(x)dx = 1 (1) int_a^b[phi_j(x)]^2w(x)dx = 1. ...

The orthoptic circle of the Steiner inellipse is the circle with center at alpha_2=1/a, (1) corresponding to the triangle centroid G and radius ...

Given a source S and a curve gamma, pick a point on gamma and find its tangent T. Then the locus of reflections of S about tangents T is the orthotomic curve (also known as ...

The variation of a function which exhibits slope changes, also called the saltus of a function. A series may also oscillate, causing it not to converge.

A curve y(x) is osculating to f(x) at x_0 if it is tangent at x_0 and has the same curvature there. Osculating curves therefore satisfy y^((k))(x_0)=f^((k))(x_0) for k=0, 1, ...

The plane spanned by the three points x(t), x(t+h_1), and x(t+h_2) on a curve as h_1,h_2->0. Let z be a point on the osculating plane, then [(z-x),x^',x^('')]=0, where ...

If f(x) is a monotonically increasing integrable function on [a,b] with f(b)<=0, then if g is a real function integrable on [a,b], ...

Let A=a_(ij) be a matrix with positive coefficients and lambda_0 be the positive eigenvalue in the Frobenius theorem, then the n-1 eigenvalues lambda_j!=lambda_0 satisfy the ...

An out-shuffle, also known as a perfect shuffle (Golomb 1961), is a riffle shuffle in which the top half of the deck is placed in the right hand, and cards are then ...

An outcome is a subset of a probability space. Experimental outcomes are not uniquely determined from the description of an experiment, and must be agreed upon to avoid ...