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The line integral of a vector field F(x) on a curve sigma is defined by int_(sigma)F·ds=int_a^bF(sigma(t))·sigma^'(t)dt, (1) where a·b denotes a dot product. In Cartesian ...

Let {a_n} be a series of positive terms with a_(n+1)<=a_n. Then sum_(n=1)^(infty)a_n converges iff sum_(k=0)^infty2^ka_(2^k) converges.

Arrow's paradox, also called Arrow's impossibility theorem or the general possibility theorem, states that perfect democratic voting is impossible, not just in practice but ...

A Hessenberg matrix is a matrix of the form [a_(11) a_(12) a_(13) ... a_(1(n-1)) a_(1n); a_(21) a_(22) a_(23) ... a_(2(n-1)) a_(2n); 0 a_(32) a_(33) ... a_(3(n-1)) a_(3n); 0 ...

The wreath graph W(n,k) is the graph obtained by taking n collections of k nodes and arranging around a circle such that all nodes in adjacent collections are connected. ...

A function f is said to be an entire modular form of weight k if it satisfies 1. f is analytic in the upper half-plane H, 2. f((atau+b)/(ctau+d))=(ctau+d)^kf(tau) whenever [a ...

The volume of a polyhedron composed of N triangular faces with vertices (a_i,b_i,c_i) can be computed using the curl theorem as V=1/6sum_(i=1)^Na_i·n_i, where the normal n_i ...

If (1-z)^(a+b-c)_2F_1(2a,2b;2c;z)=sum_(n=0)^inftya_nz^n, then where (a)_n is a Pochhammer symbol and _2F_1(a,b;c;z) is a hypergeometric function.

Let R be a ring, let A be a subring, and let B be an ideal of R. Then A+B={a+b:a in A,b in B} is a subring of R, A intersection B is an ideal of A and (A+B)/B=A/(A ...

Let R be a ring, and let I and J be ideals of R with I subset= J. Then J/I is an ideal of R/I and (R/I)/(J/I)=R/J.