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A cipher is an algorithm that converts data (plaintext) to an obfuscated form that is not directly readable. Ciphers are usually used with the intention of hiding the ...

An (infinite) line determined by two points (x_1,y_1) and (x_2,y_2) may intersect a circle of radius r and center (0, 0) in two imaginary points (left figure), a degenerate ...

The circular points at infinity, also called the isotropic points, are the pair of (complex) points on the line at infinity through which all circles pass. The circular ...

Given a triangle DeltaABC and a point P not a vertex of DeltaABC, define the A^'-vertex of the circumcevian triangle as the point other than A in which the line AP meets the ...

The clique covering number theta(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of cliques in G needed to cover the vertex set of G. Since theta(G) involves the minimum number of ...

The term "closure" has various meanings in mathematics. The topological closure of a subset A of a topological space X is the smallest closed subset of X containing A. If R ...

Determining the length of a country's coastline is not as simple as it first appears, as first considered by L. F. Richardson (1881-1953) and sometimes known as the ...

A system of circles obtained by multiplying each radius in a coaxal system by a constant. The Tucker circles are a coaxaloid system (Johnson 1929, p. 277).

A surface which is simultaneously complete and minimal. There have been a large number of fundamental breakthroughs in the study of such surfaces in recent years, and they ...

Let z=x+iy and f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) on some region G containing the point z_0. If f(z) satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations and has continuous first partial derivatives in ...