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Triangulation is the division of a surface or plane polygon into a set of triangles, usually with the restriction that each triangle side is entirely shared by two adjacent ...

The universal cover of a connected topological space X is a simply connected space Y with a map f:Y->X that is a covering map. If X is simply connected, i.e., has a trivial ...

The (upper) vertex independence number of a graph, often called simply "the" independence number, is the cardinality of the largest independent vertex set, i.e., the size of ...

A modulo multiplication group is a finite group M_m of residue classes prime to m under multiplication mod m. M_m is Abelian of group order phi(m), where phi(m) is the ...

An inverse function of an Abelian integral. Abelian functions have two variables and four periods, and can be defined by Theta(v,tau;q^'; ...

A series sum_(n)u_n is said to converge absolutely if the series sum_(n)|u_n| converges, where |u_n| denotes the absolute value. If a series is absolutely convergent, then ...

An algebraic function is a function f(x) which satisfies p(x,f(x))=0, where p(x,y) is a polynomial in x and y with integer coefficients. Functions that can be constructed ...

An attractor is a set of states (points in the phase space), invariant under the dynamics, towards which neighboring states in a given basin of attraction asymptotically ...

An axiom is a proposition regarded as self-evidently true without proof. The word "axiom" is a slightly archaic synonym for postulate. Compare conjecture or hypothesis, both ...

The area of the shadow of a body on a plane, also called the "outer quermass."