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For any system that seeks to minimize a function, only seven different local forms of catastrophe "typically" occur for four or fewer variables: 1. Fold catastrophe, 2. Cusp ...

A centered polygonal number consisting of a central dot with four dots around it, and then additional dots in the gaps between adjacent dots. The general term is n^2+(n+1)^2, ...

The involute of the circle was first studied by Huygens when he was considering clocks without pendula for use on ships at sea. He used the circle involute in his first ...

There are several equivalent definitions of a closed set. Let S be a subset of a metric space. A set S is closed if 1. The complement of S is an open set, 2. S is its own set ...

The complex structure of a point x=x_1,x_2 in the plane is defined by the linear map J:R^2->R^2 J(x_1,x_2)=(-x_2,x_1), (1) and corresponds to a counterclockwise rotation by ...

A map projection which is a conformal mapping, i.e., one for which local (infinitesimal) angles on a sphere are mapped to the same angles in the projection. On maps of an ...

y approx m+sigmaw, (1) where w = (2) where h_1(x) = 1/6He_2(x) (3) h_2(x) = 1/(24)He_3(x) (4) h_(11)(x) = -1/(36)[2He_3(x)+He_1(x)] (5) h_3(x) = 1/(120)He_4(x) (6) h_(12)(x) ...

Consider the distribution of distances l between a point picked at random in the interior of a unit cube and on a face of the cube. The probability function, illustrated ...

Let phi(t) be the characteristic function, defined as the Fourier transform of the probability density function P(x) using Fourier transform parameters a=b=1, phi(t) = ...

An n-gonal cupola Q_n is a polyhedron having n obliquely oriented triangular and n rectangular faces separating an {n} and a {2n} regular polygon, each oriented horizontally. ...