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A square array made by combining n objects of two types such that the first and second elements form Latin squares. Euler squares are also known as Graeco-Latin squares, ...

A mathematical structure first introduced by Kolyvagin (1990) and defined as follows. Let T be a finite-dimensional p-adic representation of the Galois group of a number ...

_2F_1(a,b;c;z)=int_0^1(t^(b-1)(1-t)^(c-b-1))/((1-tz)^a)dt, (1) where _2F_1(a,b;c;z) is a hypergeometric function. The solution can be written using the Euler's ...

The even part Ev(n) of a positive integer n is defined by Ev(n)=2^(b(n)), where b(n) is the exponent of the exact power of 2 dividing n. The values for n=1, 2, ..., are 1, 2, ...

A differential of the form df=P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy (1) is exact (also called a total differential) if intdf is path-independent. This will be true if ...

The exponent laws, also called the laws of indices (Higgens 1998) or power rules (Derbyshire 2004, p. 65), are the rules governing the combination of exponents (powers). The ...

The radius of an excircle. Let a triangle have exradius r_A (sometimes denoted rho_A), opposite side of length a and angle A, area Delta, and semiperimeter s. Then r_1 = ...

Let f(z) = z+a_1+a_2z^(-1)+a_3z^(-2)+... (1) = zsum_(n=0)^(infty)a_nz^(-n) (2) = zg(1/z) (3) be a Laurent polynomial with a_0=1. Then the Faber polynomial P_m(f) in f(z) of ...

For a general second-order linear recurrence equation f_(n+1)=xf_n+yf_(n-1), (1) define a multiplication rule on ordered pairs by (A,B)(C,D)=(AD+BC+xAC,BD+yAC). (2) The ...

The Fermat quotient for a number a and a prime base p is defined as q_p(a)=(a^(p-1)-1)/p. (1) If pab, then q_p(ab) = q_p(a)+q_p(b) (2) q_p(p+/-1) = ∓1 (3) (mod p), where the ...