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A system in which words (expressions) of a formal language can be transformed according to a finite set of rewrite rules is called a reduction system. While reduction systems ...

Trigonometry

The Euler-Mascheroni constant gamma, sometimes also called 'Euler's constant' or 'the Euler constant' (but not to be confused with the constant e=2.718281...) is defined as ...

Given a convex plane region with area A and perimeter p, A-1/2p<N<=A+1/2p+1, where N is the number of enclosed lattice points (Nosarzewska 1948). This improves on Jarnick's ...

Let gamma be a path given parametrically by sigma(t). Let s denote arc length from the initial point. Then int_gammaf(s)ds = int_a^bf(sigma(t))|sigma^'(t)|dt (1) = ...

Archimedes' cattle problem, also called the bovinum problema, or Archimedes' reverse, is stated as follows: "The sun god had a herd of cattle consisting of bulls and cows, ...

The Laplace transform is an integral transform perhaps second only to the Fourier transform in its utility in solving physical problems. The Laplace transform is particularly ...

Conditions at an initial time t=t_0 from which a given set of mathematical equations or physical system evolves. A system with initial conditions specified is known as an ...

In general, there are two important types of curvature: extrinsic curvature and intrinsic curvature. The extrinsic curvature of curves in two- and three-space was the first ...

The system of partial differential equations u_(xx)-u_(yy)+/-sinucosu+(cosu)/(sin^3u)(v_x^2-v_y^2)=0 (v_xcot^2u)_x=(v_ycot^2u)_y.