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Suppose f(x) is a function of x that is twice differentiable at a stationary point x_0. 1. If f^('')(x_0)>0, then f has a local minimum at x_0. 2. If f^('')(x_0)<0, then f ...

The sequence 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, ... (OEIS A002024) consisting of 1 copy of 1, 2 copies of 2, 3 copies of 3, and so on. Surprisingly, there exist simple formulas ...

The hyperbolic sine integral, often called the "Shi function" for short, is defined by Shi(z)=int_0^z(sinht)/tdt. (1) The function is implemented in the Wolfram Language as ...

A solution to the spherical Bessel differential equation. The two types of solutions are denoted j_n(x) (spherical Bessel function of the first kind) or n_n(x) (spherical ...

The spherical Hankel function of the first kind h_n^((1))(z) is defined by h_n^((1))(z) = sqrt(pi/(2z))H_(n+1/2)^((1))(z) (1) = j_n(z)+in_n(z), (2) where H_n^((1))(z) is the ...

The spherical Hankel function of the second kind h_n^((1))(z) is defined by h_n^((2))(z) = sqrt(pi/(2x))H_(n+1/2)^((2))(z) (1) = j_n(z)-in_n(z), (2) where H_n^((2))(z) is the ...

The square wave, also called a pulse train, or pulse wave, is a periodic waveform consisting of instantaneous transitions between two levels. The square wave is sometimes ...

In nonstandard analysis, the limitation to first-order analysis can be avoided by using a construction known as a superstructure. Superstructures are constructed in the ...

Toroidal functions are a class of functions also called ring functions that appear in systems having toroidal symmetry. Toroidal functions can be expressed in terms of the ...

The function defined by (1) (Heatley 1943; Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 509), where _1F_1(a;b;z) is a confluent hypergeometric function of the first kind and Gamma(z) is ...