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B^^ = T^^xN^^ (1) = (r^'xr^(''))/(|r^'xr^('')|), (2) where the unit tangent vector T and unit "principal" normal vector N are defined by T^^ = (r^'(s))/(|r^'(s)|) (3) N^^ = ...

The central difference for a function tabulated at equal intervals f_n is defined by delta(f_n)=delta_n=delta_n^1=f_(n+1/2)-f_(n-1/2). (1) First and higher order central ...

The nth central fibonomial coefficient is defined as [2n; n]_F = product_(k=1)^(n)(F_(n+k))/(F_k) (1) = ...

Apply Markov's inequality with a=k^2 to obtain P[(x-mu)^2>=k^2]<=(<(x-mu)^2>)/(k^2)=(sigma^2)/(k^2). (1) Therefore, if a random variable x has a finite mean mu and finite ...

The hyperbolic cosine integral, often called the "Chi function" for short, is defined by Chi(z)=gamma+lnz+int_0^z(cosht-1)/tdt, (1) where gamma is the Euler-Mascheroni ...

For three consecutive orders of an orthonormal polynomial, the following relationship holds for n=2, 3, ...: p_n(x)=(A_nx+B_n)p_(n-1)(x)-C_np_(n-2)(x), (1) where A_n>0, B_n, ...

The functions describing the horizontal and vertical positions of a point on a circle as a function of angle (cosine and sine) and those functions derived from them: cotx = ...

A triangle ABC formed by three circular arcs. By extending the arcs into complete circles, the points of intersection A^', B^', and C^' are obtained. This gives the three ...

The modulus of a complex number z, also called the complex norm, is denoted |z| and defined by |x+iy|=sqrt(x^2+y^2). (1) If z is expressed as a complex exponential (i.e., a ...

A statistical distribution for which the variables may take on a continuous range of values. Abramowitz and Stegun (1972, p. 930) give a table of the parameters of most ...