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Gamma functions of argument 2z can be expressed in terms of gamma functions of smaller arguments. From the definition of the beta function, ...

Levenberg-Marquardt is a popular alternative to the Gauss-Newton method of finding the minimum of a function F(x) that is a sum of squares of nonlinear functions, ...

The term "loop" has a number of meanings in mathematics. Most simply, a loop is a closed curve whose initial and final points coincide in a fixed point p known as the ...

Lucas's theorem states that if n>=3 be a squarefree integer and Phi_n(z) a cyclotomic polynomial, then Phi_n(z)=U_n^2(z)-(-1)^((n-1)/2)nzV_n^2(z), (1) where U_n(z) and V_n(z) ...

A map is a way of associating unique objects to every element in a given set. So a map f:A|->B from A to B is a function f such that for every a in A, there is a unique ...

Let X be a locally convex topological vector space and let K be a compact subset of X. In functional analysis, Milman's theorem is a result which says that if the closed ...

Let A={a_1,a_2,...} be a free Abelian semigroup, where a_1 is the identity element, and let mu(n) be the Möbius function. Define mu(a_n) on the elements of the semigroup ...

A multiplicative number theoretic function is a number theoretic function f that has the property f(mn)=f(m)f(n) (1) for all pairs of relatively prime positive integers m and ...

Let |z| be a vector norm of a vector z such that ||A||=max_(|z|=1)||Az||. Then ||A|| is a matrix norm which is said to be the natural norm induced (or subordinate) to the ...

A *-algebra A of operators on a Hilbert space H is said to act nondegenerately if whenever Txi=0 for all T in A, it necessarily implies that xi=0. Algebras A which act ...