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A "squashed" spheroid for which the equatorial radius a is greater than the polar radius c, so a>c (called an oblate ellipsoid by Tietze 1965, p. 27). An oblate spheroid is a ...

The Pauli matrices, also called the Pauli spin matrices, are complex matrices that arise in Pauli's treatment of spin in quantum mechanics. They are defined by sigma_1 = ...

A prolate spheroid is a spheroid that is "pointy" instead of "squashed," i.e., one for which the polar radius c is greater than the equatorial radius a, so c>a (called ...

A proof that is only based on visual elements, without any comments. An arithmetic identity can be demonstrated by a picture showing a self-evident equality between numerical ...

Thomae's theorem, also called Thomae's transformation, is the generalized hypergeometric function identity (1) where Gamma(z) is the gamma function, _3F_2(a,b,c;e,f;z) is a ...

Rather surprisingly, trigonometric functions of npi/17 for n an integer can be expressed in terms of sums, products, and finite root extractions because 17 is a Fermat prime. ...

A vector space V is a set that is closed under finite vector addition and scalar multiplication. The basic example is n-dimensional Euclidean space R^n, where every element ...

Two fractions are said to be adjacent if their difference has a unit numerator. For example, 1/3 and 1/4 are adjacent since 1/3-1/4=1/12, but 1/2 and 1/5 are not since ...

An analytic function f(z) satisfying the irreducible algebraic equation A_0(z)f^k+A_1(z)f^(k-1)+...+A_k(z)=0 with single-valued meromorphic functions A_j(z) in a complex ...

A transformation in which the coordinate system is changed, leaving vectors in the original coordinate system "fixed" while changing their representation in the new ...