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A fake knot (i.e., a knot equivalent to the unknot) created by tying a square knot, then looping one end twice through the knot such that when both ends are pulled, the knot ...

An arrangement of overlapping circles which cover the entire plane. A lower bound for a covering using equivalent circles is 2pi/sqrt(27) (Williams 1979, p. 51).

A set U has compact closure if its set closure is compact. Typically, compact closure is equivalent to the condition that U is bounded.

If the parameters of a Lie group vary over a closed interval, them the Lie group is said to be compact. Every representation of a compact group is equivalent to a unitary ...

Let mu be a positive measure on a sigma-algebra M, and let lambda be an arbitrary (real or complex) measure on M. If there is a set A in M such that lambda(E)=lambda(A ...

A subset tau in S_n of a permutation {1,...,n} is said to contain alpha in S_k if there exist 1<=i_1<...<i_k<=n such that tau=(tau_i,...,tau_k) is order isomorphic to ...

Given the statement "if P, then Q," or P=>Q, the converse is "if Q, then P." For example, the converse of "If a thing is a dog then it is a mammal" is "If a thing is a mammal ...

A subset A of a vector space V is said to be convex if lambdax+(1-lambda)y for all vectors x,y in A, and all scalars lambda in [0,1]. Via induction, this can be seen to be ...

Given a square matrix M, the following are equivalent: 1. |M|!=0. 2. The columns of M are linearly independent. 3. The rows of M are linearly independent. 4. Range(M) = R^n. ...

Given a real number x, find the powers of a base b that will shift the digits of x a number of places n to the left. This is equivalent to solving b^x=b^nx (1) or x=n+log_bx. ...