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One or both of the square bracket symbols [ and ] are used in many different contexts in mathematics. 1. Square brackets are occasionally used in especially complex ...

The Stieltjes integral is a generalization of the Riemann integral. Let f(x) and alpha(x) be real-valued bounded functions defined on a closed interval [a,b]. Take a ...

The sequence defined by e_0=2 and the quadratic recurrence equation e_n=1+product_(i=0)^(n-1)e_i=e_(n-1)^2-e_(n-1)+1. (1) This sequence arises in Euclid's proof that there ...

A region in a knot or link projection plane surrounded by a circle such that the knot or link crosses the circle exactly four times. Two tangles are equivalent if a sequence ...

One of the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms, also known as the axiom of regularity (Rubin 1967, Suppes 1972). In the formal language of set theory, it states that x!=emptyset=> exists ...

A cactus graph, sometimes also called a cactus tree, a mixed Husimi tree, or a polygonal cactus with bridges, is a connected graph in which any two graph cycles have no edge ...

Let P(G) denote the chromatic polynomial of a finite simple graph G. Then G is said to be chromatically unique if P(G)=P(H) implies that G and H are isomorphic graphs, in ...

Exterior algebra is the algebra of the wedge product, also called an alternating algebra or Grassmann algebra. The study of exterior algebra is also called Ausdehnungslehre ...

The set of terms of first-order logic (also known as first-order predicate calculus) is defined by the following rules: 1. A variable is a term. 2. If f is an n-place ...

Turing machines are defined by sets of rules that operate on four parameters: (state, tape cell color, operation, state). Let the states and tape cell colors be numbered and ...