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The probability that a variate would assume a value greater than or equal to the observed value strictly by chance: P(z>=z_(observed)).

Rings produced by cutting a strip that has been given m half twists and been re-attached into n equal strips (Ball and Coxeter 1987, pp. 127-128).

The distance from the center of a circle to its perimeter, or from the center of a sphere to its surface. The radius is equal to half the diameter.

The constant ratio by which all distances are increased (or decreased) in a similarity. A similarity with ratio of magnification equal to 1 is called an isometry.

A function composed of a set of equally spaced jumps of equal length, such as the ceiling function f(x)=[x], floor function f(x)=|_x_|, or nearest integer function f(x)=[x].

For a subgroup H of a group G, the index of H, denoted (G:H), is the cardinal number of the set of left cosets of H in G (which is equal to the cardinal number of the set of ...

Any nontrivial, closed, simple, smooth spherical curve dividing the surface of a sphere into two parts of equal areas has at least four inflection points.

The Tristan Edwards projection is a cylindrical equal-area projection which uses a standard parallel of phi_s=37.383 degrees.

A tubular neighborhood of a submanifold N in M is an embedding of the normal bundle (nu_N) of N into M, i.e., f:nu_N->M, where the image of the zero section of the normal ...

A zero tensor is a tensor of any rank and with any pattern of covariant and contravariant indices all of whose components are equal to 0 (Weinberg 1972, p. 38).