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Let S be a subset of a metric space. Then the set S is open if every point in S has a neighborhood lying in the set. An open set of radius r and center x_0 is the set of all ...

Bubbles can meet only at angles of 120 degrees (for three bubbles) and cos^(-1)(-1/3) approx 109 degrees28^'16^('') (for four bubbles), where cos^(-1)(-1/3) is the ...

Pong Hau K'i is an ancient Chinese tic-tac-toe-like game involving two players with two differently colored stones (say, red and blue). The players move their respective ...

"Q.E.D." (sometimes written "QED") is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase "quod erat demonstrandum" ("that which was to be demonstrated"), a notation which is often placed ...

A groupoid S such that for all a,b in S, there exist unique x,y in S such that ax = b (1) ya = b. (2) No other restrictions are applied; thus a quasigroup need not have an ...

A mathematical object defined for a set and a binary operator in which the multiplication operation is associative. No other restrictions are placed on a semigroup; thus a ...

Gossiping and broadcasting are two problems of information dissemination described for a group of individuals connected by a communication network. In gossiping, every person ...

The 120-cell is a finite regular four-dimensional polytope with Schläfli symbol {5,3,3}. It is also known as the hyperdodecahedron or hecatonicosachoron, and is composed of ...

A point in a weighted tree that has minimum weight for the tree. The set of all centroid points is called a tree centroid (Harary 1994, p. 36). The largest possible values ...

A topological space decomposes into its connected components. The connectedness relation between two pairs of points satisfies transitivity, i.e., if a∼b and b∼c then a∼c. ...