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In simple terms, let x, y, and z be members of an algebra. Then the algebra is said to be associative if x·(y·z)=(x·y)·z, (1) where · denotes multiplication. More formally, ...

An automorphism is an isomorphism of a system of objects onto itself. The term derives from the Greek prefix alphaupsilontauomicron (auto) "self" and ...

A generalization of Fermat's last theorem which states that if a^x+b^y=c^z, where a, b, c, x, y, and z are any positive integers with x,y,z>2, then a, b, and c have a common ...

The Bernoulli inequality states (1+x)^n>1+nx, (1) where x>-1!=0 is a real number and n>1 an integer. This inequality can be proven by taking a Maclaurin series of (1+x)^n, ...

A financial measure of a fund's sensitivity to market movements which measures the relationship between a fund's excess return over Treasury Bills and the excess return of a ...

Let the values of a function f(x) be tabulated at points x_i equally spaced by h=x_(i+1)-x_i, so f_1=f(x_1), f_2=f(x_2), ..., f_5=f(x_5). Then Boole's rule approximating the ...

The Borwein integrals are the class of definite integrals defined by I_n=1/piint_0^inftyx^(-(n+1)/2)product_(k=1,3,...)^nsin(x/k)dx for odd n. The integrals are curious ...

The function defined by the contour integral J_(n,k)(z) =1/(2pii)int^((0+))t^(-n-1)(t+1/t)^kexp[1/2z(t-1/t)]dt, where int_((0+)) denotes the contour encircling the point z=0 ...

A braid index is the least number of strings needed to make a closed braid representation of a link. The braid index is equal to the least number of Seifert circles in any ...

Given any open set U in R^n with compact closure K=U^_, there exist smooth functions which are identically one on U and vanish arbitrarily close to U. One way to express this ...