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A projection is the transformation of points and lines in one plane onto another plane by connecting corresponding points on the two planes with parallel lines. This can be ...

A random permutation is a permutation containing a fixed number n of a random selection from a given set of elements. There are two main algorithms for constructing random ...

There are at least two theorems known as Salmon's theorem. This first states that if P and S are two points, PX and SY are the perpendiculars from P and S to the polars of S ...

The negative derivative S(v)=-D_(v)N (1) of the unit normal N vector field of a surface is called the shape operator (or Weingarten map or second fundamental tensor). The ...

Simple harmonic motion refers to the periodic sinusoidal oscillation of an object or quantity. Simple harmonic motion is executed by any quantity obeying the differential ...

A square matrix A is a special orthogonal matrix if AA^(T)=I, (1) where I is the identity matrix, and the determinant satisfies detA=1. (2) The first condition means that A ...

A square matrix U is a special unitary matrix if UU^*=I, (1) where I is the identity matrix and U^* is the conjugate transpose matrix, and the determinant is detU=1. (2) The ...

The first Strehl identity is the binomial sum identity sum_(k=0)^n(n; k)^3=sum_(k=0)^n(n; k)^2(2k; n), (Strehl 1993, 1994; Koepf 1998, p. 55), which are the so-called Franel ...

A second-order ordinary differential equation d/(dx)[p(x)(dy)/(dx)]+[lambdaw(x)-q(x)]y=0, where lambda is a constant and w(x) is a known function called either the density or ...

Toroidal functions are a class of functions also called ring functions that appear in systems having toroidal symmetry. Toroidal functions can be expressed in terms of the ...