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The Zernike polynomials are a set of orthogonal polynomials that arise in the expansion of a wavefront function for optical systems with circular pupils. The odd and even ...

A perfect matching of a graph is a matching (i.e., an independent edge set) in which every vertex of the graph is incident to exactly one edge of the matching. A perfect ...

A p-adic number is an extension of the field of rationals such that congruences modulo powers of a fixed prime p are related to proximity in the so called "p-adic metric." ...

The smallest composite squarefree number (2·3), and the third triangular number (3(3+1)/2). It is the also smallest perfect number, since 6=1+2+3. The number 6 arises in ...

The area moment of inertia is a property of a two-dimensional plane shape which characterizes its deflection under loading. It is also known as the second moment of area or ...

Let J be a finite group and the image R(J) be a representation which is a homomorphism of J into a permutation group S(X), where S(X) is the group of all permutations of a ...

Contour integration is the process of calculating the values of a contour integral around a given contour in the complex plane. As a result of a truly amazing property of ...

A graph is a forbidden minor if its presence as a graph minor of a given graph means it is not a member of some family of graphs. More generally, there may be a family of ...

An interpretation of first-order logic consists of a non-empty domain D and mappings for function and predicate symbols. Every n-place function symbol is mapped to a function ...

Given a set y=f(x) of n equations in n variables x_1, ..., x_n, written explicitly as y=[f_1(x); f_2(x); |; f_n(x)], (1) or more explicitly as {y_1=f_1(x_1,...,x_n); |; ...