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The limaçon is a polar curve of the form r=b+acostheta (1) also called the limaçon of Pascal. It was first investigated by Dürer, who gave a method for drawing it in ...

The normal vector, often simply called the "normal," to a surface is a vector which is perpendicular to the surface at a given point. When normals are considered on closed ...

Two (or more) intersecting curves that are perpendicular at their intersection are said to be orthogonal.

Orthogonal contravariant and covariant satisfy g_(ik)g^(ij)=delta_k^j, where delta_j^k is the Kronecker delta.

An m-ary n-ic polynomial (i.e., a homogeneous polynomial with constant coefficients of degree n in m independent variables).

The point with respect to which a radial curve is computed.

The residual is the sum of deviations from a best-fit curve of arbitrary form. R=sum[y_i-f(x_i,a_1,...,a_n)]^2. The residual should not be confused with the correlation ...

A point at which two noncrossing branches of a curve meet with different tangents.

A tangent point of two similar curves.

The p-layer of H, L_(p^')(H) is the unique minimal normal subgroup of H which maps onto E(H/O_(p^')(H)).