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An operator T which commutes with all shift operators E^a, so TE^a=E^aT for all real a in a field. Any two shift-invariant operators commute.

Consider (1) If the probability distribution is governed by a Markov process, then P_3(y_1,t_1;y_2,t_2|y_3,t_3) = P_2(y_2,t_2|y_3,t_3) (2) = P_2(y_2|y_3,t_3-t_2). (3) ...

In a network with three graph edges at each graph vertex, the number of Hamiltonian cycles through a specified graph edge is 0 or even.

The geometry of the Lie group R semidirect product with R^2, where R acts on R^2 by (t,(x,y))->(e^tx,e^(-t)y).

The Stiefel manifold of orthonormal k-frames in R^n is the collection of vectors (v_1, ..., v_k) where v_i is in R^n for all i, and the k-tuple (v_1, ..., v_k) is ...

The group of all nonsingular n×n stochastic matrices over a field F. It is denoted S(n,F). If p is prime and F is the finite field of order q=p^m, S(n,q) is written instead ...

Tetrahedron picking is the process of picking tetrahedra at random within a given shape in 3 or higher dimensions. The most natural definition of a random tetrahedron is one ...

1000=10^3. The word "thousand" appears in common expressions in a number of languages, for example, "a thousand pardons" in English and "tusen takk" ("a thousand thanks") in ...

The application of characteristic p methods in commutative algebra, which is a synthesis of some areas of commutative algebra and algebraic geometry.

An extension field of a field F that is not algebraic over F, i.e., an extension field that has at least one element that is transcendental over F. For example, the field of ...