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Specifying three sides uniquely determines a triangle whose area is given by Heron's formula, K=sqrt(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)), (1) where s=1/2(a+b+c) (2) is the semiperimeter of the ...

An interpretation of first-order logic consists of a non-empty domain D and mappings for function and predicate symbols. Every n-place function symbol is mapped to a function ...

The characteristic polynomial is the polynomial left-hand side of the characteristic equation det(A-lambdaI)=0, (1) where A is a square matrix and I is the identity matrix of ...

Let ||f|| be the supremum of |f(x)|, a real-valued function f defined on (0,infty). If f is twice differentiable and both f and f^('') are bounded, Landau (1913) showed that ...

A means of describing how one state develops into another state over the course of time. Technically, a dynamical system is a smooth action of the reals or the integers on ...

A proof that is only based on visual elements, without any comments. An arithmetic identity can be demonstrated by a picture showing a self-evident equality between numerical ...

Suppose that f is an analytic function which is defined in the upper half-disk {|z|^2<1,I[z]>0}. Further suppose that f extends to a continuous function on the real axis, and ...

The Löwenheim-Skolem theorem is a fundamental result in model theory which states that if a countable theory has a model, then it has a countable model. Furthermore, it has a ...

There are many formulas of pi of many types. Among others, these include series, products, geometric constructions, limits, special values, and pi iterations. pi is ...

An integer whose decimal digits contain no zeros is said to be zerofree. The first few positive zerofree integers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, ...