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Let G be an undirected graph, and let i denote the cardinal number of the set of externally active edges of a spanning tree T of G, j denote the cardinal number of the set of ...

The derivative of a function represents an infinitesimal change in the function with respect to one of its variables. The "simple" derivative of a function f with respect to ...

A polynomial is a mathematical expression involving a sum of powers in one or more variables multiplied by coefficients. A polynomial in one variable (i.e., a univariate ...

Let c_k be the number of vertex covers of a graph G of size k. Then the vertex cover polynomial Psi_G(x) is defined by Psi_G(x)=sum_(k=0)^(|G|)c_kx^k, (1) where |G| is the ...

The set of graph eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix is called the spectrum of the graph. (But note that in physics, the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix of a graph are ...

The Buffon-Laplace needle problem asks to find the probability P(l,a,b) that a needle of length l will land on at least one line, given a floor with a grid of equally spaced ...

The distribution function D(x), also called the cumulative distribution function (CDF) or cumulative frequency function, describes the probability that a variate X takes on a ...

The Epstein zeta function for a n×n matrix S of a positive definite real quadratic form and rho a complex variable with R[rho]>n/2 (where R[z] denotes the real part) is ...

Stratton (1935), Chu and Stratton (1941), and Rhodes (1970) define the spheroidal functions as those solutions of the differential equation (1) that remain finite at the ...

The improvement of the convergence properties of a series, also called convergence acceleration or accelerated convergence, such that a series reaches its limit to within ...