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A 90-sided polygon.

An operator A^~ such that A^~^2=A^~ or an element of an algebra x such that x^2=x.

Topological lower bounds in terms of Betti numbers for the number of critical points form a smooth function on a smooth manifold.

The symbol p^e∥n means, for p a prime, that p^e|n, but p^(e+1)n.

A reflexive relation.

Euclidean n-space is denoted R^n.

The robustness of a given outcome to small changes in initial conditions or small random fluctuations. Chaos is an example of a process which is not stable.

The rectangle function Pi(x) is a function that is 0 outside the interval [-1/2,1/2] and unity inside it. It is also called the gate function, pulse function, or window ...

Let X_1,X_2,...,X_N be a set of N independent random variates and each X_i have an arbitrary probability distribution P(x_1,...,x_N) with mean mu_i and a finite variance ...

The interesting function defined by the definite integral G(x)=int_0^xsin(tsint)dt, illustrated above (Glasser 1990). The integral cannot be done in closed form, but has a ...