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Let S be partitioned into r×s disjoint sets E_i and F_j where the general subset is denoted E_i intersection F_j. Then the marginal probability of E_i is ...

Number Theory

Pathological functions that are continuous but differentiable only on a set of points of measure zero are sometimes known as monsters of real analysis. Examples include the ...

Multivariable Calculus

The Bessel differential equation is the linear second-order ordinary differential equation given by x^2(d^2y)/(dx^2)+x(dy)/(dx)+(x^2-n^2)y=0. (1) Equivalently, dividing ...

Combinatorics is the branch of mathematics studying the enumeration, combination, and permutation of sets of elements and the mathematical relations that characterize their ...

The Fourier transform is a generalization of the complex Fourier series in the limit as L->infty. Replace the discrete A_n with the continuous F(k)dk while letting n/L->k. ...

A hyperfunction, discovered by Mikio Sato in 1958, is defined as a pair of holomorphic functions (f,g) which are separated by a boundary gamma. If gamma is taken to be a ...

The sign of a real number, also called sgn or signum, is -1 for a negative number (i.e., one with a minus sign "-"), 0 for the number zero, or +1 for a positive number (i.e., ...

Take the Helmholtz differential equation del ^2F+k^2F=0 (1) in spherical coordinates. This is just Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates with an additional term, (2) ...