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If N is a submodule of the module M over the ring R, the quotient group M/N has a natural structure of R-module with the product defined by a(x+N)=ax+N for all a in R and all ...

R^- denotes the real negative numbers.

Let R be a commutative ring. A category C is called an R-category if the Hom-sets of C are R-modules.

A robust estimation based on a rank test.

R^+ denotes the real positive numbers.

The set of projective projectively extended real numbers. Unfortunately, the notation is not standardized, so the set of affinely extended real numbers, denoted here R^_, is ...

The doublestruck letter R denotes the field of real numbers.

A line that passes through the center of a circle or sphere.

The radian is a unit of angular measure defined such that an angle of one radian subtended from the center of a unit circle produces an arc with arc length 1. A full angle is ...

The distance from the center of a circle to its perimeter, or from the center of a sphere to its surface. The radius is equal to half the diameter.