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Cis(x) is another name for the complex exponential, Cis(x)=e^(ix)=cosx+isinx. (1) It has derivative d/(dz)Cis(z)=ie^(iz) (2) and indefinite integral intCis(z)dz=-ie^(iz). (3)

The logarithm of the reciprocal of a number, equal to the negative of the logarithm of the number itself, cologx=log(1/x)=-logx.

All lengths can be expressed as real numbers.

x^(2n)+1=[x^2-2xcos(pi/(2n))+1] ×[x^2-2xcos((3pi)/(2n))+1]×...× ×[x^2-2xcos(((2n-1)pi)/(2n))+1].

A series s_1,s_2,... for which s_1>=s_2>=....

If g is continuous and mu,nu>0, then int_0^t(t-xi)^(mu-1)dxiint_0^xi(xi-x)^(nu-1)g(xi,x)dx =int_0^tdxint_x^t(t-xi)^(mu-1)(xi-x)^(nu-1)g(xi,x)dxi.

Let |sum_(n=1)^pa_n|<K, (1) where K is independent of p. Then if f_n>=f_(n+1)>0 and lim_(n->infty)f_n=0, (2) it follows that sum_(n=1)^inftya_nf_n (3) converges.

Not continuous. A point at which a function is discontinuous is called a discontinuity, or sometimes a jump.

If lim_(k->infty)u_k!=0, then the series {u_n} diverges.

A divergent sequence is a sequence that is not convergent.