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The angle of incidence of a ray to a surface is measured as the difference in angle between the ray and the normal vector of the surface at the point of intersection.

The difference between the sum of face angles A_i at a polyhedron vertex of a polyhedron and 2pi, delta=2pi-sum_(i)A_i.

If the total group of the canonical series is divided into two parts, the difference between the number of points in each part and the double of the dimension of the complete ...

The Casoratian of sequences x_n^((1)), x_n^((2)), ..., x_n^((k)) is defined by the k×k determinant C(x_n^((1)),x_n^((2)),...,x_n^((k))) =|x_n^((1)) x_n^((2)) ... x_n^((k)); ...

A method of determining coefficients alpha_l in an expansion y(x)=y_0(x)+sum_(l=1)^qalpha_ly_l(x) so as to nullify the values of an ordinary differential equation L[y(x)]=0 ...

Given a geometric sequence {a_1,a_1r,a_1r^2,...}, the number r is called the common ratio associated to the sequence.

A tensor-like coefficient which gives the difference between partial derivatives of two coordinates with respect to the other coordinate, ...

The difference of two complex numbers z=x+iy and z^'=x^'+iy^' is given by z-z^'=(x-x^')+i(y-y^'). In component form, (x,y)-(x^',y^')=(x-x^',y-y^').

There are two similar but distinct concepts related to equidecomposability: "equidecomposable" and "equidecomposable by dissection." The difference is in that the pieces ...

Also known as the difference of squares method. It was first used by Fermat and improved by Gauss. Gauss looked for integers x and y satisfying y^2=x^2-N (mod E) for various ...