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A unit matrix is an integer matrix consisting of all 1s. The m×n unit matrix is often denoted J_(mn), or J_n if m=n. Square unit matrices J_n have determinant 0 for n>=2. An ...

A p-adic integer is a p-adic number of the form sum_(k=m)^(infty)a_kp^k, where m>=0, a_k are integers, and p is prime. It is sufficient to take a_k in the set {0,1,...,p-1}. ...

Let A be an involutive algebra over the field C of complex numbers with involution xi|->xi^♯. Then A is a modular Hilbert algebra if A has an inner product <··> and a ...

The upside-down capital delta symbol del , also called "nabla" used to denote the gradient and other vector derivatives. The following table summarizes the names and ...

The upside-down capital delta symbol del , also called "del," used to denote the gradient and other vector derivatives. The following table summarizes the names and notations ...

R(p,tau) = int_(-infty)^inftyint_(-infty)^infty[1/(sigmasqrt(2pi))e^(-(x^2+y^2)/(2sigma^2))]delta[y-(tau+px)]dydx (1) = ...

Let A denote an R-algebra, so that A is a vector space over R and A×A->A (1) (x,y)|->x·y. (2) Now define Z={x in A:x·y=0 for some y in A!=0}, (3) where 0 in Z. An Associative ...

An important result in valuation theory which gives information on finding roots of polynomials. Hensel's lemma is formally stated as follows. Let (K,|·|) be a complete ...

A cyclide is a pair of focal conics which are the envelopes of two one-parameter families of spheres, sometimes also called a cyclid. The cyclide is a quartic surface, and ...

The free module of rank n over a nonzero unit ring R, usually denoted R^n, is the set of all sequences {a_1,a_2,...,a_n} that can be formed by picking n (not necessarily ...