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A module having only one element: the singleton set {*}. It is a module over any ring R with respect to the multiplication defined by a*=* (1) for every a in R, and the ...

An unhappy number is a number that is not happy, i.e., a number n such that iterating this sum-of-squared-digits map starting with n never reaches the number 1. The first few ...

A unit is an element in a ring that has a multiplicative inverse. If a is an algebraic integer which divides every algebraic integer in the field, a is called a unit in that ...

A vector Laplacian can be defined for a vector A by del ^2A=del (del ·A)-del x(del xA), (1) where the notation ✡ is sometimes used to distinguish the vector Laplacian from ...

The vertex cover number is the size of a minimum vertex cover in a graph G is known as the vertex cover number of G, denoted tau(G). The König-Egeváry theorem states that the ...

The matrix product of a square set of data d and a matrix of basis vectors consisting of Walsh functions. By taking advantage of the nested structure of the natural ordering ...

The wave equation is the important partial differential equation del ^2psi=1/(v^2)(partial^2psi)/(partialt^2) (1) that describes propagation of waves with speed v. The form ...

A weak Riemannian metric on a smooth manifold M is a (0,2) tensor field g which is both a weak pseudo-Riemannian metric and positive definite. In a very precise way, the ...

The Weingarten equations express the derivatives of the normal vector to a surface using derivatives of the position vector. Let x:U->R^3 be a regular patch, then the shape ...

An expression is called "well-defined" (or "unambiguous") if its definition assigns it a unique interpretation or value. Otherwise, the expression is said to not be ...