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A ring without zero divisors in which an integer norm and an associated division algorithm (i.e., a Euclidean algorithm) can be defined. For signed integers, the usual norm ...

For signed distances on a line segment, AB^_·CD^_+AC^_·DB^_+AD^_·BC^_=0, since (b-a)(d-c)+(c-a)(b-d)+(d-a)(c-b)=0.

Also known as the difference of squares method. It was first used by Fermat and improved by Gauss. Gauss looked for integers x and y satisfying y^2=x^2-N (mod E) for various ...

If the tangents at B and C to the circumcircle of a triangle DeltaABC intersect in a point K_1, then the circle with center K_1 and which passes through B and C is called the ...

A function whose value increases more quickly than any polynomial is said to be an exponentially increasing function. The prototypical example is the function e^x, plotted ...

Given T an unbiased estimator of theta so that <T>=theta. Then var(T)>=1/(Nint_(-infty)^infty[(partial(lnf))/(partialtheta)]^2fdx), where var is the variance.

Consider a square wave f(x) of length 2L. Over the range [0,2L], this can be written as f(x)=2[H(x/L)-H(x/L-1)]-1, (1) where H(x) is the Heaviside step function. Since ...

Let the opposite sides of a convex cyclic hexagon be a, a^', b, b^', c, and c^', and let the polygon diagonals e, f, and g be so chosen that a, a^', and e have no common ...

By analogy with the geometric centroid, the centroid of an arbitrary function f(x) is defined as <x>=(intxf(x)dx)/(intf(x)dx), (1) where the integrals are taken over the ...

Two unit-speed plane curves which have the same curvature differ only by a Euclidean motion.