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A tree (also called a central tree) having a single node that is a graph center. The numbers of centered trees on n=1, 2, ... nodes are 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 27, 55, 127, ...

In voting theory, a Condorcet candidate is a candidate who always wins in a 2-person election but loses in larger election. For example, consider the 6-tuples of 6-sided die ...

The term "gradient" has several meanings in mathematics. The simplest is as a synonym for slope. The more general gradient, called simply "the" gradient in vector analysis, ...

Homogeneous barycentric coordinates are barycentric coordinates normalized such that they become the actual areas of the subtriangles. Barycentric coordinates normalized so ...

A number which is simultaneously a nonagonal number N_m and heptagonal number Hep_n and therefore satisfies the Diophantine equation 1/2m(7m-5)=1/2n(5n-4). (1) Completing the ...

A system of curvilinear coordinates. There are several different conventions for the orientation and designation of these coordinates. Arfken (1970) defines coordinates ...

A class of map projections in which the parallels are represented by a system of non-concentric circular arcs with centers lying on the straight line representing the central ...

The solutions to the Riemann P-differential equation are known as the Riemann P-series, or sometimes the Riemann P-function, given by u(z)=P{a b c; alpha beta gamma; alpha^' ...

In particle physics, a spinor field of order 2s describes a particle of spin s, where s is an integer or half-integer. Therefore, a spinor of order 4s contains as much ...

The ith Stiefel-Whitney class of a real vector bundle (or tangent bundle or a real manifold) is in the ith cohomology group of the base space involved. It is an obstruction ...