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The set R union {+infty,-infty} obtained by adjoining two improper elements to the set R of real numbers is normally called the set of (affinely) extended real numbers. ...

A connex is a geometric form introduced by Clebsch (1872) that included as special cases the curve considered as a point locus and the curve considered as a line envelope ...

Draw antiparallels through the symmedian point K. The points where these lines intersect the sides then lie on a circle, known as the cosine circle (or sometimes the second ...

The normal vector, often simply called the "normal," to a surface is a vector which is perpendicular to the surface at a given point. When normals are considered on closed ...

The Lyapunov characteristic exponent [LCE] gives the rate of exponential divergence from perturbed initial conditions. To examine the behavior of an orbit around a point ...

The vertex connectivity kappa(G) of a graph G, also called "point connectivity" or simply "connectivity," is the minimum size of a vertex cut, i.e., a vertex subset S subset= ...

A topology defined on a totally ordered set X whose open sets are all the finite intersections of subsets of the form {x in X|x>a} or {x in X|x<a}, where a in X. The order ...

The BCI triangle DeltaA^'B^'C^' of a triangle DeltaABC with incenter I is defined by letting A^' be the center of the incircle of DeltaBCI, and similarly defining B^' and ...

In complex analysis, a branch (also called a sheet) is a portion of the range of a multivalued function over which the function is single-valued. Combining all the sheets ...

A set of quadratic surfaces which share foci. Ellipsoids and one- and two-sheeted hyperboloids can be confocal. These three types of surfaces can be combined to form an ...