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A mathematical structure first introduced by Kolyvagin (1990) and defined as follows. Let T be a finite-dimensional p-adic representation of the Galois group of a number ...

An even permutation is a permutation obtainable from an even number of two-element swaps, i.e., a permutation with permutation symbol equal to +1. For initial set {1,2,3,4}, ...

The generalized diameter is the greatest distance between any two points on the boundary of a closed figure. The diameter of a subset E of a Euclidean space R^n is therefore ...

Two distinct knots cannot have the same exterior. Or, equivalently, a knot is completely determined by its knot exterior (Cipra 1988; Adams 1994, p. 261). The question was ...

Given a "good" graph G (i.e., one for which all intersecting graph edges intersect in a single point and arise from four distinct graph vertices), the crossing number is the ...

The kth power of a graph G is a graph with the same set of vertices as G and an edge between two vertices iff there is a path of length at most k between them (Skiena 1990, ...

A Greek cross, also called a square cross, is a cross in the shape of a plus sign. It is a non-regular dodecagon. A square cross appears on the flag of Switzerland, and also ...

For any positive integer k, there exists a prime arithmetic progression of length k. The proof is an extension of Szemerédi's theorem.

The number of elements in a group G, denoted |G|. If the order of a group is a finite number, the group is said to be a finite group. The order of an element g of a finite ...

With three cuts, dissect an equilateral triangle into a square. The problem was first proposed by Dudeney in 1902, and subsequently discussed in Dudeney (1958), and Gardner ...