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A spanning tree of a graph on n vertices is a subset of n-1 edges that form a tree (Skiena 1990, p. 227). For example, the spanning trees of the cycle graph C_4, diamond ...

The triangular number T_n is a figurate number that can be represented in the form of a triangular grid of points where the first row contains a single element and each ...

Take any positive integer of two digits or more, reverse the digits, and add to the original number. This is the operation of the reverse-then-add sequence. Now repeat the ...

The A graph is the graph on 6 vertices illustrated above. Unfortunately, at least one author (Farrugia 1999, p. 2) uses the term "A-graph" to refer to the 5-node bull graph. ...

In August 2002, M. Agrawal and colleagues announced a deterministic algorithm for determining if a number is prime that runs in polynomial time (Agrawal et al. 2004). While ...

An abundant number, sometimes also called an excessive number, is a positive integer n for which s(n)=sigma(n)-n>n, (1) where sigma(n) is the divisor function and s(n) is the ...

An additive cellular automaton is a cellular automaton whose rule is compatible with an addition of states. Typically, this addition is derived from modular arithmetic. ...

There are four varieties of Airy functions: Ai(z), Bi(z), Gi(z), and Hi(z). Of these, Ai(z) and Bi(z) are by far the most common, with Gi(z) and Hi(z) being encountered much ...

The Alexander polynomial is a knot invariant discovered in 1923 by J. W. Alexander (Alexander 1928). The Alexander polynomial remained the only known knot polynomial until ...

If r is a root of a nonzero polynomial equation a_nx^n+a_(n-1)x^(n-1)+...+a_1x+a_0=0, (1) where the a_is are integers (or equivalently, rational numbers) and r satisfies no ...