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For any constructible function f, there exists a function P_f such that for all functions t, the following two statements are equivalent: 1. There exists an algorithm A such ...

If the coefficients of the polynomial d_nx^n+d_(n-1)x^(n-1)+...+d_0=0 (1) are specified to be integers, then rational roots must have a numerator which is a factor of d_0 and ...

By a suitable rearrangement of terms, a conditionally convergent series may be made to converge to any desired value, or to diverge. For example, S = 1-1/2+1/3-1/4+1/5+... ...

If M^n is a finite simplicial complex of dimension n>=5 that has the homotopy type of the sphere S^n and is locally piecewise linearly homeomorphic to the Euclidean space ...

A characterization of normal spaces with respect to the definition given by Kelley (1955, p. 112) or Willard (1970, p. 99). It states that the topological space X is normal ...

In the usual diagram of inclusion homomorphisms, if the upper two maps are injective, then so are the other two. More formally, consider a space X which is expressible as the ...

If P is a pedal point inside a triangle DeltaABC, and P_A, P_B, and P_C are the feet of the perpendiculars from P upon the respective sides BC, CA, and AB, then ...

A number which can be represented by a finite number of additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions, and finite square root extractions of integers. Such numbers ...

There are several statistical quantities called means, e.g., harmonic mean, geometric mean, arithmetic-geometric mean, and root-mean-square. When applied to two elements a ...

A root-finding algorithm which converges to a complex root from any starting position. To motivate the formula, consider an nth order polynomial and its derivatives, P_n(x) = ...