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A vector field is a section of its tangent bundle, meaning that to every point x in a manifold M, a vector X(x) in T_xM is associated, where T_x is the tangent space.

A tubular neighborhood of a submanifold N in M is an embedding of the normal bundle (nu_N) of N into M, i.e., f:nu_N->M, where the image of the zero section of the normal ...

Pre-Calculus

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Let M subset R^3 be a regular surface and u_(p) a unit tangent vector to M, and let Pi(u_(p),N(p)) be the plane determined by u_(p) and the normal to the surface N(p). Then ...

A surface (or "space") of section, also called a Poincaré section (Rasband 1990, pp. 7 and 93-94), is a way of presenting a trajectory in n-dimensional phase space in an ...

The general bivariate quadratic curve can be written ax^2+2bxy+cy^2+2dx+2fy+g=0. (1) Define the following quantities: Delta = |a b d; b c f; d f g| (2) J = |a b; b c| (3) I = ...

The isotomic conjugate of a point is the point of concurrence Q of the isotomic lines relative to a point P. The isotomic conjugate alpha^':beta^':gamma^' of a point with ...

The first Napoleon point N is the concurrence of lines drawn between vertices of a given triangle DeltaABC and the opposite vertices of the corresponding inner Napoleon ...

A projection is the transformation of points and lines in one plane onto another plane by connecting corresponding points on the two planes with parallel lines. This can be ...