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A hash function H projects a value from a set with many (or even an infinite number of) members to a value from a set with a fixed number of (fewer) members. Hash functions ...

Szemerédi's theorem states that every sequence of integers that has positive upper Banach density contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. A corollary states that, ...

An affine transformation is any transformation that preserves collinearity (i.e., all points lying on a line initially still lie on a line after transformation) and ratios of ...

Bilinski (1960) noted that by collapsing any one of the five zones of the rhombic icosahedron, a second rhombic dodecahedron distinct from the dual polyhedron of the ...

The Droz-Farny circles are a pair of circles of equal radius obtained by particular geometric constructions. The following amazing property of a triangle, first given by ...

Through a point K in the plane of a triangle DeltaABC, draw parallelians through a point as illustrated above. Then there exist four points K for which ...

An isolated point of a graph is a node of degree 0 (Hartsfield and Ringel 1990, p. 8; Harary 1994, p. 15; D'Angelo and West 2000, p. 212; West 2000, p. 22). The number of ...

Every position of every impartial game has a nim-value, making it equivalent to a nim-heap. To find the nim-value (also called the Sprague-Grundy number), take the mex of the ...

For every positive integer n, there exists a circle in the plane having exactly n lattice points on its circumference. The theorem is based on the number r(n) of integral ...

A number x such that for all epsilon>0, there exists a member of the set y different from x such that |y-x|<epsilon. The topological definition of limit point P of A is that ...