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An algorithm which allows digits of a given number to be calculated without requiring the computation of earlier digits. The BBP formula for pi is the best-known such ...

An encoding is a way of representing a number or expression in terms of another (usually simpler) one. However, multiple expressions can also be encoded as a single ...

A structure consisting of an ordered set of sorted lists such that the head and tail entries of later lists nest within earlier ones. For example, an encroaching list set for ...

A folding function is a function that maps the integers Z={...,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...} onto the nonnegative integers Z^*={0,1,2,3,...}. This type of function arises naturally ...

A general quartic surface defined by x^4+y^4+z^4+a(x^2+y^2+z^2)^2+b(x^2+y^2+z^2)+c=0 (1) (Gray 1997, p. 314). The above two images correspond to (a,b,c)=(0,0,-1), and ...

There exists no known P algorithm for graph isomorphism testing, although the problem has also not been shown to be NP-complete. In fact, the problem of identifying ...

Horowitz reduction is used in indefinite integration to reduce a rational function into polynomial and logarithmic parts. The polynomial part is then trivially integrated, ...

An iterated map is a map that is applied repeatedly to an object. The Wolfram Language function NestList[f, expr, n] gives a list of the results of iterating the function f n ...

Let phi_x^((k)) denote the recursive function of k variables with Gödel number x, where (1) is normally omitted. Then if g is a partial recursive function, there exists an ...

Given a sum and a set of weights, find the weights which were used to generate the sum. The values of the weights are then encrypted in the sum. This system relies on the ...