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A coloring of plane regions, link segments, etc., is an assignment of a distinct labeling (which could be a number, letter, color, etc.) to each component. Coloring problems ...

The vector space generated by the columns of a matrix viewed as vectors. The column space of an n×m matrix A with real entries is a subspace generated by m elements of R^n, ...

The subset C of the Euclidean plane formed by the union of the x-axis, the line segment with interval [0,1] of the y-axis, and the sequence of segments with endpoints (1/n,0) ...

The number of ways of picking k unordered outcomes from n possibilities. Also known as the binomial coefficient or choice number and read "n choose k," _nC_k=(n; ...

Consider a combination lock consisting of n buttons that can be pressed in any combination (including multiple buttons at once), but in such a way that each number is pressed ...

Let m(G) be the cycle rank of a graph G, m^*(G) be the cocycle rank, and the relative complement G-H of a subgraph H of G be defined as that subgraph obtained by deleting the ...

Combinatorial matrix theory is a rich branch of mathematics that combines combinatorics, graph theory, and linear algebra. It includes the theory of matrices with prescribed ...

Given a complex Hilbert space H with associated space L(H) of continuous linear operators from H to itself, the commutant M^' of an arbitrary subset M subset= L(H) is the ...

A monoid that is commutative i.e., a monoid M such that for every two elements a and b in M, ab=ba. This means that commutative monoids are commutative, associative, and have ...

Let A^~, B^~, ... be operators. Then the commutator of A^~ and B^~ is defined as [A^~,B^~]=A^~B^~-B^~A^~. (1) Let a, b, ... be constants, then identities include [f(x),x] = 0 ...