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The azimuthal angle is an angle measured from the x-axis in the xy-plane in spherical coordinates, denoted theta in this work.

A closed embedded smooth plane curve has at least four vertices, where a vertex is defined as an extremum of curvature.

Let a plane figure have area A and perimeter p. Then Q=(4piA)/(p^2)<=1, where Q is known as the isoperimetric quotient. The equation becomes an equality only for a circle.

The point-slope form of a line through the point (x_1,y_1) with slope m in the Cartesian plane is given by y-y_1=m(x-x_1).

A three-dimensional knot spun about a plane in four dimensions. Unlike suspended knots, spun knots are smoothly embedded at the poles.

A triangular grid, also called an isometric grid (Gardner 1986, pp. 209-210), is a grid formed by tiling the plane regularly with equilateral triangles.

The tritangent of a cubic surface is a plane which intersects the surface in three mutually intersecting lines. Each intersection of two lines is then a tangent point of the ...

The unlink, also called the trivial link, of n components consist of n disjoint circles in a plane (Rolfsen 1976, p. 65).

A secant line, also simply called a secant, is a line passing through two points of a curve. As the two points are brought together (or, more precisely, as one is brought ...

For n points in the plane, there are at least N_1=sqrt(n-3/4)-1/2 different distances. The minimum distance can occur only <=3n-6 times, and the maximum distance can occur ...