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Let n be a positive number having primitive roots. If g is a primitive root of n, then the numbers 1, g, g^2, ..., g^(phi(n)-1) form a reduced residue system modulo n, where ...

The pedal of a curve C with respect to a point O is the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from O to the tangent to the curve. More precisely, given a curve C, the pedal ...

The pentatope is the simplest regular figure in four dimensions, representing the four-dimensional analog of the solid tetrahedron. It is also called the 5-cell, since it ...

A perfect graph is a graph G such that for every induced subgraph of G, the clique number equals the chromatic number, i.e., omega(G)=chi(G). A graph that is not a perfect ...

A perfect matching of a graph is a matching (i.e., an independent edge set) in which every vertex of the graph is incident to exactly one edge of the matching. A perfect ...

A permutation, also called an "arrangement number" or "order," is a rearrangement of the elements of an ordered list S into a one-to-one correspondence with S itself. The ...

The factorization of a number into its constituent primes, also called prime decomposition. Given a positive integer n>=2, the prime factorization is written ...

A prism graph, denoted Y_n, D_n (Gallian 1987), or Pi_n (Hladnik et al. 2002), and sometimes also called a circular ladder graph and denoted CL_n (Gross and Yellen 1999, p. ...

Separation of variables is a method of solving ordinary and partial differential equations. For an ordinary differential equation (dy)/(dx)=g(x)f(y), (1) where f(y)is nonzero ...

The stella octangula is a polyhedron compound composed of a tetrahedron and its dual (a second tetrahedron rotated 180 degrees with respect to the first). The stella ...