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The term two-sided ideal is used in noncommutative rings to denote a subset that is both a right ideal and a left ideal. In commutative rings, where right and left are ...

A unit matrix is an integer matrix consisting of all 1s. The m×n unit matrix is often denoted J_(mn), or J_n if m=n. Square unit matrices J_n have determinant 0 for n>=2. An ...

The notion of weak amenability was first introduced by Bade et al. (1987), who termed a commutative Banach algebra A "weakly amenable" if every continuous derivation from A ...

There are at least two distinct notions known as the Whitehead group. Given an associative ring A with unit, the Whitehead group associated to A is the commutative quotient ...

The Zariski topology is a topology that is well-suited for the study of polynomial equations in algebraic geometry, since a Zariski topology has many fewer open sets than in ...

A cyclic group is a group that can be generated by a single element X (the group generator). Cyclic groups are Abelian. A cyclic group of finite group order n is denoted C_n, ...

A Kähler structure on a complex manifold M combines a Riemannian metric on the underlying real manifold with the complex structure. Such a structure brings together geometry ...

Napier's bones, also called Napier's rods, are numbered rods which can be used to perform multiplication of any number by a number 2-9. By placing "bones" corresponding to ...

Ruffini's rule a shortcut method for dividing a polynomial by a linear factor of the form x-a which can be used in place of the standard long division algorithm. This method ...

An algebraic expression in variables {x_1,...,x_n} is an expression constructed with the variables and algebraic numbers using addition, multiplication, and rational powers.