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The Spencer-Brown form is a simple mathematical concept that formalizes what a mathematical object is formally identical to what it is not (Spencer-Brown 1997, pp. ix and ...

Successive points dividing a golden rectangle into squares lie on a logarithmic spiral (Wells 1991, p. 39; Livio 2002, p. 119) which is sometimes known as the golden spiral. ...

A sparse matrix is a matrix that allows special techniques to take advantage of the large number of "background" (commonly zero) elements. The number of zeros a matrix needs ...

The rook is a chess piece that may move any number of spaces either horizontally or vertically per move. The maximum number of nonattacking rooks that may be placed on an n×n ...

The total number of contravariant and covariant indices of a tensor. The rank R of a tensor is independent of the number of dimensions N of the underlying space. An intuitive ...

The Skewes number (or first Skewes number) is the number Sk_1 above which pi(n)<li(n) must fail (assuming that the Riemann hypothesis is true), where pi(n) is the prime ...

The real axis is the line in the complex plane corresponding to zero imaginary part, I[z]=0. Every real number corresponds to a unique point on the real axis.

Every real number is negative, 0, or positive. The law is sometimes stated as "For arbitrary real numbers a and b, exactly one of the relations a<b, a=b, a>b holds" (Apostol ...

A quadratic map is a quadratic recurrence equation of the form x_(n+1)=a_2x_n^2+a_1x_n+a_0. (1) While some quadratic maps are solvable in closed form (for example, the three ...

In Book IX of The Elements, Euclid gave a method for constructing perfect numbers (Dickson 2005, p. 3), although this method applies only to even perfect numbers. In a 1638 ...