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In the technical combinatorial sense, an a-ary necklace of length n is a string of n characters, each of a possible types. Rotation is ignored, in the sense that b_1b_2...b_n ...

Let alpha(G) denote the independence number of a graph G. Then the Shannon capacity Theta(G), sometimes also denoted c(G), of G is defined as ...

A twin Pythagorean triple is a Pythagorean triple (a,b,c) for which two values are consecutive integers. By definition, twin triplets are therefore primitive triples. Of the ...

The prime spiral, also known as Ulam's spiral, is a plot in which the positive integers are arranged in a spiral (left figure), with primes indicated in some way along the ...

Given a set of n+1 control points P_0, P_1, ..., P_n, the corresponding Bézier curve (or Bernstein-Bézier curve) is given by C(t)=sum_(i=0)^nP_iB_(i,n)(t), where B_(i,n)(t) ...

Rule 28 is one of the elementary cellular automaton rules introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983 (Wolfram 1983, 2002). It specifies the next color in a cell, depending on its ...

A generalization of Fermat's last theorem which states that if a^x+b^y=c^z, where a, b, c, x, y, and z are any positive integers with x,y,z>2, then a, b, and c have a common ...

The binomial transform takes the sequence a_0, a_1, a_2, ... to the sequence b_0, b_1, b_2, ... via the transformation b_n=sum_(k=0)^n(-1)^(n-k)(n; k)a_k. The inverse ...

A cyclotomic field Q(zeta) is obtained by adjoining a primitive root of unity zeta, say zeta^n=1, to the rational numbers Q. Since zeta is primitive, zeta^k is also an nth ...

An extension field F subset= K is called finite if the dimension of K as a vector space over F (the so-called degree of K over F) is finite. A finite field extension is ...