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Given 2n-1 numbers a_k, where k=-n+1, ..., -1, 0, 1, ..., n-1, a Toeplitz matrix is a matrix which has constant values along negative-sloping diagonals, i.e., a matrix of the ...

A geometric implement discovered in a 19th century book, and whose inventor is unknown. It essentially consists of a semicircle, a segment SR which prolongs its diameter and ...

A system of curvilinear coordinates for which several different notations are commonly used. In this work (u,v,phi) is used, whereas Arfken (1970) uses (xi,eta,phi) and Moon ...

The function defined by (1) (Heatley 1943; Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 509), where _1F_1(a;b;z) is a confluent hypergeometric function of the first kind and Gamma(z) is ...

A square matrix is said to be totally positive if the determinant of any square submatrix, including the minors, is positive. For instance, any 2×2 matrix whose determinant ...

A transcendental number is a (possibly complex) number that is not the root of any integer polynomial, meaning that it is not an algebraic number of any degree. Every real ...

The triangular grid graph T_n is the lattice graph obtained by interpreting the order-(n+1) triangular grid as a graph, with the intersection of grid lines being the vertices ...

An upper triangular matrix U is defined by U_(ij)={a_(ij) for i<=j; 0 for i>j. (1) Written explicitly, U=[a_(11) a_(12) ... a_(1n); 0 a_(22) ... a_(2n); | | ... |; 0 0 ... ...

Oriented spheres in complex Euclidean three-space can be represented as lines in complex projective three-space ("Lie correspondence"), and the spheres may be thought of as ...

A unit matrix is an integer matrix consisting of all 1s. The m×n unit matrix is often denoted J_(mn), or J_n if m=n. Square unit matrices J_n have determinant 0 for n>=2. An ...