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An isosceles trapezoid (called an isosceles trapezium by the British; Bronshtein and Semendyayev 1997, p. 174) is trapezoid in which the base angles are equal and therefore ...

The Koch snowflake is a fractal curve, also known as the Koch island, which was first described by Helge von Koch in 1904. It is built by starting with an equilateral ...

A likelihood function L(a) is the probability or probability density for the occurrence of a sample configuration x_1, ..., x_n given that the probability density f(x;a) with ...

A two-dimensional map similar to the Hénon map but with the term -alphax_n^2 replaced by -alpha|x_n|. It is given by the equations x_(n+1) = 1-alpha|x_n|+y_n (1) y_(n+1) = ...

A curve on which points of a map z_n (such as the Mandelbrot set) diverge to a given value r_(max) at the same rate. A common method of obtaining lemniscates is to define an ...

A maximum likelihood estimator is a value of the parameter a such that the likelihood function is a maximum (Harris and Stocket 1998, p. 824).

In three dimensions, there are three classes of constant curvature geometries. All are based on the first four of Euclid's postulates, but each uses its own version of the ...

Assume that n numbered pancakes are stacked, and that a spatula can be used to reverse the order of the top k pancakes for 2<=k<=n. Then the pancake sorting problem asks how ...

A subset S subset R^n is said to be pseudo-convex at a point x in S if the associated pseudo-tangent cone P_S(x) to S at x contains S-{x}, i.e., if S-{x} subset P_S(x). Any ...

The pseudo-tangent cone P_S(x) of a subset S subset R^n at a point x in S is the set P_S(x)=convK_S^_, where K_S is the contingent cone of S and where conv(A) is the smallest ...