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An element B of a ring is nilpotent if there exists a positive integer k for which B^k=0.

An extension A subset B of a group, ring, module, field, etc., such that A!=B.

The circle H which touches the incircles I, I_A, I_B, and I_C of a circular triangle ABC and its associated triangles. It is either externally tangent to I and internally ...

The integral closure of a commutative unit ring R in an extension ring S is the set of all elements of S which are integral over R. It is a subring of S containing R.

The subset {0} of a ring. It trivially fulfils the definition of ideal since it is a group (specifically, the zero group), and it is closed under multiplication by any ...

Any ideal of a ring which is strictly smaller than the whole ring. For example, 2Z is a proper ideal of the ring of integers Z, since 1 not in 2Z. The ideal <X> of the ...

A line in the complex plane with slope +/-i. An isotropic line passes through either of the circular points at infinity. Isotropic lines are perpendicular to themselves.

Given a commutative unit ring R and an extension ring S, an element s of S is called integral over R if it is one of the roots of a monic polynomial with coefficients in R.

In a local ring R, there is only one maximal ideal m. Hence, R has only one quotient ring R/m which is a field. This field is called the residue field.

In a noncommutative ring R, a left ideal is a subset I which is an additive subgroup of R and such that for all r in R and all a in I, ra in I. A left ideal of R can be ...