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Schroeder (1991) calls the ceiling function symbols [ and ] the "gallows" because of their similarity in appearance to the structure used for hangings.

Let f(z) be an analytic function in |z-a|<R. Then f(z)=1/(2pi)int_0^(2pi)f(z+re^(itheta))dtheta for 0<r<R.

The greatest dividing exponent gde(n,b) of a base b with respect to a number n is the largest integer value of k such that b^k|n, where b^k<=n. It is implemented as the ...

A type of integral named after Henstock and Kurzweil. Every Lebesgue integrable function is HK integrable with the same value.

A polynomial function of the elements of a vector x can be uniquely decomposed into a sum of harmonic polynomials times powers of |x|.

An interpretation of first-order logic consists of a non-empty domain D and mappings for function and predicate symbols. Every n-place function symbol is mapped to a function ...

If an analytic function has a single simple pole at the radius of convergence of its power series, then the ratio of the coefficients of its power series converges to that ...

A function giving the distribution of the interpoint distances of a curve. It is defined by p(r)=1/Nsum_(ij)delta_(r_(ij)=r).

If the random variates X_1, X_2, ... satisfy the Lindeberg condition, then for all a<b, lim_(n->infty)P(a<(S_n)/(s_n)<b)=Phi(b)-Phi(a), where Phi is the normal distribution ...

A linear approximation to a function f(x) at a point x_0 can be computed by taking the first term in the Taylor series f(x_0+Deltax)=f(x_0)+f^'(x_0)Deltax+....