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An nth-rank tensor in m-dimensional space is a mathematical object that has n indices and m^n components and obeys certain transformation rules. Each index of a tensor ranges ...

A theorem sometimes called "Euclid's first theorem" or Euclid's principle states that if p is a prime and p|ab, then p|a or p|b (where | means divides). A corollary is that ...

As originally stated by Gould (1972), GCD{(n-1; k),(n; k-1),(n+1; k+1)} =GCD{(n-1; k-1),(n; k+1),(n+1; k)}, (1) where GCD is the greatest common divisor and (n; k) is a ...

Probability and Statistics

A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function f(x) in terms of an infinite sum of sines and cosines. Fourier series make use of the orthogonality relationships of ...

Feynman (1997, p. 116) noticed the curious fact that the decimal expansion 1/(243)=0.004115226337448559... (1) repeats pairs of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, ... separated by the ...

Let x_0 be a rational number in the closed interval [0,1], and generate a sequence using the map x_(n+1)=2x_n (mod 1). (1) Then the number of periodic map orbits of period p ...

An almost integer is a number that is very close to an integer. Near-solutions to Fermat's last theorem provide a number of high-profile almost integers. In the season 7, ...

Given a point P and a line AB, draw the perpendicular through P and call it PC. Let PD be any other line from P which meets CB in D. In a hyperbolic geometry, as D moves off ...

A recursive primality certificate for a prime p. The certificate consists of a list of 1. A point on an elliptic curve C y^2=x^3+g_2x+g_3 (mod p) for some numbers g_2 and ...