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The Borromean rings, also called the Borromean links (Livingston 1993, p. 10) are three mutually interlocked rings (left figure), named after the Italian Renaissance family ...

In algebraic topology, the Reidemeister torsion is a notion originally introduced as a topological invariant of 3-manifolds which has now been widely adapted to a variety of ...

A quasigroup with an identity element e such that xe=x and ex=x for any x in the quasigroup. All groups are loops. In general, loops are considered to have very little in the ...

An algebraic manifold is another name for a smooth algebraic variety. It can be covered by coordinate charts so that the transition functions are given by rational functions. ...

The all-pairs shortest path problem is the determination of the shortest graph distances between every pair of vertices in a given graph. The problem can be solved using n ...

An almost perfect number, also known as a least deficient or slightly defective (Singh 1997) number, is a positive integer n for which the divisor function satisfies ...

A plane tiling is said to be isohedral if the symmetry group of the tiling acts transitively on the tiles, and n-isohedral if the tiles fall into n orbits under the action of ...

Also known as araneidan, this curve owes its name to its spider-like shape. It is given by the polar equation r=a(sin(ntheta))/(sin[(n-1)theta]), where a>0 and n>2 is an ...

The apodization function f(x)=1-(|x|)/a (1) which is a generalization of the one-argument triangle function. Its full width at half maximum is a. It has instrument function ...

A black bishop graph is a graph formed from possible moves of a bishop chess piece, which may make diagonal moves of any length on a chessboard (or any other board), when ...